Insights from lunch with Andrew and Paul

On trading

  • learn to read technical charts
  • price and volume reflects all necessary sentiment and information
  • Read the charts in different time frames with gives a sense of various impacts have on pricing trends
  • news happen after the fact which drives emotions like fear. When the brain is overcame by fear irrational behavior results.
  • charts remove the emotional component

On news and propaganda

  • All news are forms of propaganda best avoided or taken with a pinch of salt.
  • It is hard to trace much major change in life to any specific news occurrence
  • news is less about facts but more a reflection of the reader’s attitudes and belief toward the subject receiving coverage
  • how is it that US news sites are able to report on a country like North Korea where no information is available externally? Are the gaps mainly filled in by US propaganda

On education

  • its hard to be an educator in the US.
  • There is too much regulation
  • Students are not as motivated compared to students in other countries

On the environment

  • Three hundred chemical components are found in donated blood that are not supposed to be there
  • climate change is a major concern
  • capitalism driven consumerism is not sustainable

Related readings

  • Slow death by the rubber duck

Macro economic extension to loss aversion reversion to mean trading methodology – Government versus Government scenario

Trading Heuristics

Chain of events and decision making

The decision making processes from June 2019 after the federal reserve signal likelihood of cutting interest rate leading up to the 2019 August downward mean reversion of the SnP.

19th June 2019, Federal Reserve signals for first time likely decrease of interest rates

Federal Chairman expresses concerns about potential cross winds caused by US trade policies and its impact on their dual mandate.

10th July 2019, news paper reports SnP reaches all time high

SnP on the cusp of crossing 3000 threshold for the first time to an all time high. Market is euphoric. Trade issue between US/China yet resolved but discussions are underway.

Short positions SQQQ and SRTY were utilized as hedges against downward macro environment reversion risk when the SnP extended beyond 3000 to reach an all time high

1st August 2019, US announcement of 10% tariffs on US300 billion imports from China starting September 2019

on 1st August, 24 hours after actual interest rates cut, Trump signaled 10% tariffs on USD300 billion Chinese import. SnP dropped.

Exited SQQQ and SRTY for 10% capital gain after reaching 30SMA and 50SMA range. Net combined loss to portfolio was 0.5%.  Left remaining long positions open.

4th August 2019, Chinese response

On 4th Aug 2019, China’s exchange rate dropped for the first time below 7RMB/1USD.

5th Aug 2019 trading day

On 5th Aug 2019, China announced they will halt all imports of agricultural goods from US.

Portfolio continued declining an additional 2% on the trading day of 5th August 2019.

Closed all long positions with the exception of REITs

Decline overview

  • SnP
  • REITs
  • Value shares
  • Growth shares

6th Aug 2019 trading day

On the evening of 6th Aug 2019, China announced decision to control fluctuation of RMB exchange rates to USD

Bought into TQQQ and URTY at below 30SMA and 50SMA

7th Aug 2019 trading day

TQQQ and URTY automatically exited at the mid point between the two following highs and lows:

  • highest point  before Trump’s tariff announcement came into effect
  • lowest point after China’s halt on US agricultural imports and RMB/USD breaking 7 came into effect

Related readings

Donald Trump’s August 1st 2019 tweet on additional tariffs

Highlights

  • The effect of a negative shock is 3X worst that the effect of a disappointment
  • The effect of a negative shock is longer lasting than the effect of a disappointment
  • The market does retain memory of prior states
  • Seems like each negative political macro event has approximately negative 3% impact on the SnP

Series of events

Wednesday, 31st July 2019, 2pm, US Federal Reserve’s disappointment

  • Federal Reserve announced an interest rate cut of 0.25% from 2.5% to 2.25%
    • no hints of further cuts
    • before announcement SPY price 300.04
    • after announcement SPY price 296.98
    • net effect on SPY -1.02%

Thursday, 1st Aug 2019, 10.26am, US President’s negative shock

  • President Donald Trump announced additional 10% tariffs on remaining 300 billion imports from China on Twitter.
    • before announcement SPY price 300.45
    • after announcement SPY price 291.02
    • net effect on SPY -3.14%
    • SPY price still above the 7th June 2019 price of 288.97 when the effect of Fed’s hint to adjust interest rate cuts has been priced in.

Sunday, 4th Aug 2019, 6.20pm PST, China exchange rate sinks below 7CNY/1USD for the first time

Monday, 5th Aug 2019, 9.58am PST, China suspends purchases of US farm products

  • US Market takes a sharp dip on Monday
    • SPY price 281.90 at lowest point
    • net effect on SPY -3.13%

Monday, 5th Aug 2019, 5.27pm PST, China announces fix to prevent further RMB depreciations against the USD

  • US market rebounds
    • SPY price 293.55 at highest point
    • net effect on SPY 4.13%

13th Aug 2019 Trump announces delay of tariff

  • US market rebounds
    • SPY price 292.32 at highest point
    • net effect on SPY 1.91%

14th Aug 2019 UK and US 2 years / 10years yield curve inverts. Germany reports GDP shrinkage for 2019Q2

  • US Market takes a sharp dip
    • SPY price 284.20 at lowest point
    • net effect on SPY -2.77%

Related artifacts

Trump’s tweet on additional 10% tariffs at 1st Aug 2019, 10.26am PST
Chinese RMB crosses 7RMB/1USD for the first time on 4th Aug 2019, 640pm PST

Related readings

Federal Chairman Jerome Powell on 0.25% interest rate cuts

Overview

  • Outlook for the US economy is favorable but
    • core inflation is only at 1.6% instead of 2%
    • cutting interest rate by 0.25% from 2.5% to 2.25%
  • insurance against downside risk
    • global growth is slowing
    • trade policy tension is a new stimulus to the equation and it is a concern
  • key objectives
    • strong job economy
    • 2% inflation rate
  • adopt an iterative approach by observing how economy reacts to policy changes

Key areas of concern

global growth slow down

  • US core inflation rate is at 1.6% – excludes food and energy inflation which are cyclical
    • US GDP sustained
  • US manufacturing declined in 2019Q1 and 2019Q2
  • US business fixed investment slowed in 2019Q1 and fell in 2019Q2
    • companies uncertain about investment spending
    • not seeing additional demand for products
  • June US job growth slowed in 2019Q2
  • disinflation rates observed in other countries
    • manufacturing in rural China and the EU are slowing

highly leverage business sector within the US

  • Business borrowings are excessive
  • loans have moved off balance sheet of banks to market based vehicles

Positive signals of sustained US economy

  • rising household income drives confidence
  • no booming sectors observed hence no concerns for busts

Federal Reserves framework for monitoring risks

  • Excessive leverage in the Financial sector
  • Excessive asset valuations
  • Excessive debt loads in households and business
  • Funding risks that could result in sudden shortfall of liquidity

Structure of the US economy

  • US capital requirements within banks are at 2X of what is required to tide through tough times
  • Allocations
    • 70% consumer
    • 30% investments and manufacturing
      • not growing
      • remains healthy

Related references

Manias, Panics and Crashes – balance of trade mechanism

In a world where currencies are not pegged to gold or other currencies price stability is achieved when major trading partners all target the same inflation rates. Otherwise wild fluctuations in rear asset prices and exchange rates will likely occur.

We should expect the following loops to occur.

Loop #1 – When central bank pursues expansionary monetary policy

  1. Central bank pursues an expansionary monetary policy
  2. investors expect inflation rates to go up
  3. investors expect currency value to drop in overseas market
  4. investors sell off real assets within country and exit funds out of country to other countries
  5. due to decreased demand, stocks, real estates and commodity drops in value.
  6. Exports become more competitive and balance of trade surplus results.

Loop #2 – When central bank pursues deflationary monetary policy

  1. Central bank pursues deflationary monetary policy
  2. investors expect inflation rates to go down
  3. investors expects currency values to increase in overseas market
  4. investors move funds into country to buy up real assets
  5. Due to increased demand, stocks, real estate and commodities within the country appreciates in value
  6. Exports become less competitive overseas and trade deficit results

Key insights

US has been experiencing a balance of trade deficit since 1980. This is partially due to the result of going off the gold standard.

While it did not actively pursued a deflationary monetary policy, it’s stable politic system and high level of technology innovation, relative to other countries, has an overall deflationary effect on its economy.

The net effect is the same as if the central bank pursues a deflationary policy.

Related readings

Book summary – The Bank Credit Analysis Handbook by Jonathan Golin and Philippe Delhaise

“Panics do not destroy capital, they merely reveal the extent to which it has been previously destroyed by its betrayal into hopelessly unproductive works”, John Stuart Mill

Overviews on crisis

Crisis tends to only be obvious in hindsight. People tend to be biased towards optimism even in the darkest times.

Crisis are generally triggered by a momentary lack of liquidity which leads to  a whole cascade of events. This sends the entire system into a negative tail spin. A loss of trust in the system is the fundamental problem.

Types of crisis

  • Banking crisis:
    • usually triggered by rapid deregulation leading to excessive levels of volatility within system
    • A single bank or the entire banking system experiencing a shortfall of liquidity which deteriorates into a massive bank run.
    • takes place before financial crisis
    • reaches highest point after financial crisis
  • Financial crisis
    • country whose currency is not a reserve currency experiencing a shortfall of liquidity triggering off rapid exit of funds trying to avoid the negative currency exchange dip
  • Twin crisis
    • when both bank crisis and financial crisis occur together resulting in cross feeding.
    • economic fundamentals are deteriorating in periods preceding twin crisis

Bank failure cause by banking crisis

  • Quality of management plays a very important role in averting such crisis
  • If bank is too big to fail
    • government will attempt to step in.
    • To restore trust
    • Relatively rare
  • Smaller banks
    • will get absorbed by larger banks
  • government interventions
    • when seen as too ready to step in will encourage moral hazard
    • results in banks taking excessive risk
    • want the funds to restore liquidity to come as much as possible from the private

Indicators for banking crisis

It is generally difficult to assess banks due to information asymmetry. Banks and government will want to delay the release of bad news to prevent deterioration of an already bad condition

Spreading the financial statements across different banks will help analysis risk

  • Leading indicator:
    • Non-performing loans/assets as a percentage to total loans/assets
    • Non-performing loans as ratio to loan-loss reserves
  • Lagging indicator: net interest income falls

Risk assessment method

  • CAMEL model
    • Capital
    • Asset quality
    • Management
    • Earnings
    • Liquidity

Roles of Banks

Generalfunctions
  • Hubs of financial networks that connect supply and demand for money
  • Intermediary to smooth out friction in the flow of money
  • Spread risk of loaning money
  • Ease of liquidity
  • Securitization to move loans off balance sheets
  • Underwriting
Special functions
  • Support national payment system
  • Providing backup liquidity to non-banks
  • transmission belt for monetary policy

Types of Banks

  • Large banks – extensive network able to pull in consumer deposits at relatively low cost
  • regional banks – has deep relationships with local territory and is able to meet the needs of local business better than large banks

Types of capital

  • Consumer deposits – very sticky but small in amount
  • Commercial deposits – very volatile but large in amount

Types of banking instruments

  • Negotiable Certificate of Deposits
  • Letters of Credit
  • Derivatives
  • Futures

Credit risk

The possibility of not getting the loan and interest back due to inability or unwillingness of the borrower. Assessed qualitative and quantitative elements

external factors

  • sovereign risk
  • cyclical risk

Components to model credit risk, a.k.a. Expected Loss

  • PD – probability of default
  • EAD – exposure at default: percentage of the amount of loan that will be affected by a default event
  • LDG – loss given default
  • Time horizon – the longer the time horizon the more likely the default

Risk assessment method

  • general – Value at Risk (VaR) model
  • fixed income analysis – fundamental and technical analysis

Currency risks triggered by sovereign/country risk

  • policy lending – subsidizing industries through banking industry
  • state-owned enterprises – encourages inefficiency

Components to consider

  • GDP growth – a growing GDP will help buffer shocks to the system
  • Fiscal deficit
  • Monetary conditions
  • Balance of trade

leading Indicators

  • consumer confidence index
  • manufacturers index
  • money supply
  • yield curve

lagging Indicators

  • unemployment rate
  • inventories to sale
  • consumer credit to personal income

Risk management

  • liquidity risk
  • solvency risk
  • market risk
  • credit risk
  • credit spread risk
  • currency risk
  • operational risk

Risk assessment method

  • general – Value at Risk (VaR) model
  • Stress test

Further Readings

  • Managing banking risk, Eddie Cade
  • The dollar crisis, Richard Duncan
  • A failure of capitalism, Richard A Posner
  • Bank restructuring, Andrew Sheng
  • When genius failed, Roger Lowenstein
  • Manias, panics and crashes, Charles P. Kindleberger and Robert Aliber

The case for hastening the replacement of workers with AI

If the issue of aging population is an inevitable affliction of all industrialized countries and majority of countries will become industrialized within the next 30 years, then we should be expecting our population to collapse by 2050. Based on this premise rather than being worried that majority of workers will get replaced by Robots and made irrelevant, we should instead be worried that robots are not replacing tasks handled by forthcoming retirees fast enough,

Related References

https://www.bloomberg.com/amp/news/articles/2019-07-24/u-s-truck-driver-shortage-is-on-course-to-double-in-a-decade

https://amp.businessinsider.com/elon-musk-reiterates-global-population-is-headed-for-collapse-2019-6

 

Thoughts on avoiding the greater fool theory

Once a project’s mission statement is defined, it becomes easy to determine when to stop further iterations. 

Below are the listed of statements I periodically revisit when pursuing GetData.IO’s mission to help people make good decisions by making data gathering simple and affordable. 

Hypothesis 1: People no longer need make good decisions.

Hypothesis 2: People no longer need data to make good decisions.

Hypothesis 3: People no longer find it hard to get data.

Hypothesis 4: We have exhausted all known approaches to lower the cost of data gathering to an affordable range. 

Hypothesis 5: We have exhausted all viable approaches to reach people who need to make good decisions.

Hypothesis 1 and 2 are existential questions, while hypothesis 3 focuses on substitute availability. These are out of our control. The only thing we could do is monitor for changes.

Hypothesis 4 and 5 focuses on economic feasibility. These we will fully focus our efforts on. Once we eliminate all none viable options, whatever remains will be the limitations we must accept and live with. 

It is useful to note the lack of any mention on funding. The underlying assumption is that every successful iteration necessarily unlocks resources from the environment which is then fed back to further the compounding process. The discipline is to minimize wastage. 

Relying on external funding is like utilizing margins during day trading. While earnings get amplified, failures tend to be really spectacular. One additional drawback is that they tend to mask critical flaws in the short run leading to the commonly observed greater fool phenomena in the financial markets.

https://GetData.io/about-us 

Learnings on enterprise sales – SVB and SalesForce workshop

General observation on networking

  • There were a total of 40 attendees and we received a total of 2 name cards – net conversion rate 5%
  • Social expectation during a networking session is that you can approach people to talk
  • Start with a clearly one liner if asked about your project
  • actively direct the conversation to them and spend more time listening
  • make sure to bring name cards

Compare and contrast small businesses and medium sized businesses

  • Small businesses
    • acquiring new customers
    • accessing to investment capital
    • not enough time
  • Medium sized business
    • acquiring new customers
    • achieving work life balance
    • not enough time

Sales best practices for founders n SMB sales leaders

managing leads process

  • Develop a concrete definition of a lead and make sure all employees understand it.
  • Install an effective Customer Relationship Management (CRM) Tool.
  • Track the source.
  • Distribute your leads quickly.
  • Nurture your leads and get your Sales team excited about every prospect.
  • Treat your prospects like customers.
  • Measure everything you do.
  • Hold regular meetings with your sales staff and anyone else involved in the sales process.

build out sales stages n codifying it

standardized sales process see up to 28% increase revenue

  • A consistent schedule: You should know when and how often you are going to be
    performing your sales activities.
  • A strong message. You should know what you are going to say and at what point in the
    process you are going to say it.
  • Mixed media plan. Use multiple channels to convey your message and mix it up – emails and phone calls are the most common, but perhaps it’s appropriate to reach your potential customers on a favorite social channel.

focus on boosting sales rep productivity

  • Make ongoing sales coaching a priority.
  • Advance prospects faster with Value.
  • Evaluate & re-evaluate sales processes.
  • Embrace Automation and technology.
  • Use Analytics to always be improving.

Observations on Sales force

  • UVP helps users get data from spreadsheet into systems that allows easy sharing within the sales team
  • Sales force comes with Gmail integration
    • disrupted CollaSpot’s business model
  • Social proofing: Video where users talk about the benefits they get using a tool
  • Extending existing business lines
    • current base – market segment with higher margins using enterprise sales acquisition strategy
    • new business line market segment with lower margins using self service model
      • USD25/user/mth package self service tier
      • acquisition strategy is not well defined yet
  • partnership with companies to value add for their customers
    • sales force partners with SVB to throw event to teach SVB clients how to better do sales.
    • Helps with SVB retention.
    • tap into Silicon Valley Bank’s extensive distribution network

Alessandro Chesser, VP of Sales Carta

Key regrets

  • Not investing early enough in sales operations.
    • CRM system very important. Cleaning up the mess later is going to be a headache
    • Dealing with duplicate accounts are pretty painful
  • Don’t over engineer sales process up front.

Enterprise sales versus organic adoption

Organic signup forces u to put your whole pitch online for easy copying. A sales rep can sell the vision to extract higher margins. Deliberate back and forth. Use the demo form to generate leads for sales rep

Getting the enterprise sales engine started

  • The more data you have the better your decisions. Create baseline and iterate over it over time.
  • Marc Benoff on Closing. When he joined eshare there was no product. His job was to get potential customers excited about the future of their own company. The vision and the pitch is so important. Get their feedbacks.
  • Don’t sell to far ahead and can’t deliver. Need to spend time with engineers to know what can be delivered. Always keep in mind a 1 to 2 months implementation cycle. Only sell ahead when is early stage company but don’t over promise. If failed to deliver, will create bad PR
  • Always iterate on the vision of the company and the pitch to figure out what resonates with your potential buyers
  • Early stage startups can utilized VC to generate inbound leads. The more money raised the more inbound happens with PR that follow each fund raising events

Scaling the sales organization

  • Make sure one person can bring in 100K ARR before replicate and scale up sales process
  • When is Sales cycle replicable? Use revenue as signal. Driving 100K ARR per month is a good signal. Gut feeling. When deals leads are starting to slip through the cracks
  • Charge via ACH instead of credit cards. ACH is more scalable, since the latter tends to expire.

Structuring and managing the sales team

  • For smooth transition from inbound sales to outbound sales first create demand from SDR first before hire sales team.
    • Not all sales people are comfortable with generating sales leads
  • Extremely important to make that SDR hire early. Utilize tools like OutReach.IO
  • SDR – handle email marketing and phone calls. Uses pitchbook. Scrape Startup names and email addresses. Thousands of emails a day to generate leads.
  • Ensure at least sales development representatives hit at least 60% their quota. If hitting below, it means u have over hired. It’ll create very bad culture like sales leads stealing if not hitting above quota.
  • Have sales people prioritize and focus on closing and not be the jack of all trades.
  • Promote Successful SDR  to become sales reps. They will be well positioned for success.

Mapping the hiring process for the sales leader.

The mistake is hiring really experienced and expensive people who are not willing to roll out his sleeves. You need someone who is really willing to get his hands dirty to go out to close sales. Industry experience is important, will ensure sales leader motivation level. Since he knows what is broken

Balancing the functions of marketing and sales

  • Early in startup marketing and sales goes hand in hand. How to ensure no stepping on each other’s toes?
  • Marketing organization should have good process too
  • Need to balance load of marketing and sales organization. Make sure invest more heavily in marketing to generate more leads than sales can handle to ensure good culture.

On Pricing

Pricing is important. Need to make sure not too cheap. Perceived value is very important. Need to be more expensive than competition and explain the value clearly to targeted subset of customers.

Learnings from Loominance

 UVP to attract customers via word of mouth: They need us when they are drowning in data.
Account based marketing
  • Scrap company websites, identify and recommend similar companies as sales leads to clients

Related readings